The human body is a combination of organ systems, with a supporting framework of muscles and bones. The study of the body is divided into two sciences: Anatomy: the study of body structures and the relation of one part to another

 

Physiology: the study of the processes and functions of the body tissue and organs. Physiology is the study of how the body works and how the various parts function individually and in relation to each other.

​

The skeleton is the bony framework of the body. It supports and gives shape to the body, protects vital organs, and provides sites of attachment for tendons, muscles, and ligaments. The skeletal bones are joined members that make muscle movement possible.

​

Muscles are responsible for many different types of body movements. The action of the muscle is determined mainly by the kind of joint it is associated with and the way the muscle is attached to the joint. Muscles comprise of various muscle fibre types, shapes, and arrangements. The attachments to bones allow contractions to produce movements by pivoting at the joints. Muscles respond to signals from the brain, which travel along the nerves and cause each muscle fibre to contract.

​

TThe nervous system : The activities of the widely diverse cells, tissues, and organs of the body must be monitored, regulated, and coordinated to effectively support human life. The interaction of the nervous and endocrine systems provides the needed control. The nervous system is specifically adapted to the rapid transmission of impulses from one area of the body to another. On the other hand, the endocrine system, working at a far slower pace, maintains body metabolism at a fairly constant level.

​

The circulatory system, also called the vascular system, consists of blood, heart, and blood vessels. The circulatory system is close circuited (i.e., there is no opening to external environment of the body). The function of this system is to move blood between the cells and the organs of the integumentary, digestive, respiratory, and urinary system that communicate with the external environment of the body.

​

Respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the cells of the body. There are two phases of respiration:

 

• Physical, or mechanical, respiration involves the motion of the diaphragm and rib cage.

• The musculoskeletal action, which resembles that of a bellows, causes air to be inhaled or exhaled.

​

The digestive system includes the organs that digest and absorb food substances, and eliminate the unused residuals. The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and several accessory organs.

​

Organ systems are comprised of tissues grouped together to form organs, and groups of organs with specialized functions. Since the skin acts with hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands, these organs together constitute the integumentary system.

​

All tissue cells of the body are continuously bathed in interstitial fluid. This fluid is formed by leakage of blood plasma through minute pores of the capillaries.

​

Homeostasis, the self-balancing of the body’s internal environment, is achieved and maintained by the endocrine system and the nervous systems.

​

The urinary system is the primary filtering system of the body. This system is composed of two main organs, the kidneys and urinary bladder

​

​